Special Needs Children and the Special Education Program...

Special education is such a broad and sensitive topic to talk about as well as the several issues that come with the Special education topic. And although there are a variety of issues, such as: special education children being accepted, segregated from their peers, the financial ability to support many special education programs, and the fact that a lot of teachers are not properly certified and do not know how to handle special needs children; there are also many resolutions. Special education Awareness, peer understanding, support from the local and state government, proper teacher certification, and most importantly social unity and understanding amongst peers are all a part of this controversial issue and they will also help†¦show more content†¦In Education Week’s, Special education article it was said that, â€Å"more than half of all students with disabilities spend at least 80 percent of their time in the regular classroom.† The more time Special ed ucation students spend in the classroom, the more care and attention they need from all teachers. This is one of the reasons teachers need to be taught proper care skills and be certified when it comes to Special education children. Another reason teachers need to be certified is the fact that different Special education students suffer from different health, physical, and mental complications, and Special education teachers as well as general teachers need to know how to handle anything that happens at a moment’s notice. Finally, proper teacher certification in the Special education field would solve a lot of issues. Teachers being properly certified, would potential cost more money; but it would also increase peer awareness depending on if the school was desegregated. It is said that it takes a village to raise a child, and it takes a village plus one extra person; more patience; and extra understanding to help raise a child with special needs. If more people were made awa re of Special education children and their programs, more people would probably want to participateShow MoreRelatedInclusion of Students with Learning Disabilities Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesstill at the forefront of educational controversy, in the classroom and also in Congress. According to The Cyclopedic Education Dictionary, inclusion can be defined in two ways: one, inclusion can be defined as the placement of disabled children in a general classroom setting for the entire school day and two, inclusion can be defined as the placement of disabled students into a general classroom setting for part of the day while they are placed in a special setting during the other part of the dayRead MoreFederal Law That Mandates Special Education For Children With Disabilities972 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1975, congress enacted the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Kritzer, 2012, p. 53), which was later renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The Individ uals with Disabilities Education Act is a federal law that mandates special education for children with disabilities. IDEA requires public schools to provide students with disabilities a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment (LRE). LRE requires school districts to educateRead MoreSpecial Education Inclusion1040 Words   |  5 PagesSpecial Education Inclusion addresses the controversy of inclusion in education. It argues that inclusions controversy stems from its relation to educational and social values in addition to individual worth. Stout states the important questions that should always be asked when discussing inclusion. She gives us some arguments from advocates on both sides of the issue and everyone in between. She recognizes that inclusion has no simple answers. She merely intends to overview the concepts ofRead MoreSpecial Education1164 Words   |  5 Pageschild has special needs parents must learn this whole new language of medical and special education terms (Overton, 2005). Parents enter this new world where navigating for the best interest of their child is riddled with challenges and obstacles that they need to somehow overcome. This is especially true when parents are dealing with the special education program in their child’s school.   The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires parental involvement in the education of childrenRead MoreEducational Education And Special Education1556 Words   |  7 PagesPeople with Learning Disabilities, 89% of children with moderate learning difficulties, 24% of children with severe learning difficulties and 18% of children with profound multiple learning difficulties are educated in mainstream schools. Something so prevalent must surely be effective. However, that is not always the case. It’s disheartening watching these mainstreamed students struggle socially and academically. Either looked over or coddled by general education teachers; teachers without the properRead MoreMainstreaming : The Pros And Cons Of Inclusion Based Education1452 Words   |  6 PagesInclusion-Based Education Picture this: a special education student is placed into a general education classroom because of a new bill the district has passed recently. They are forced to adapt to the new, more arduous curriculum that they have never been exposed to before. They have to make new friends, new study habits, new choices. Would you want your child’s education to be jeopardized because a set of impractical politicians think they know what is best for your child’s individual needs? While mainstreamingRead MoreMainstreaming : The Influence Of Inclusion Based Education1586 Words   |  7 PagesMainstreaming: The Influence of Inclusion-Based Education According to the Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities, 89% of children with moderate learning difficulties, 24% of children with severe learning difficulties and 18% of children with profound multiple learning difficulties are educated in mainstream schools. A practice so prevalent must surely be effective. However, that is not always the case. It’s disheartening watching these mainstreamed students struggle socially and academicallyRead MoreThe Debate of Integration into Classrooms1186 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The subject of integrating children with disability into regular classrooms has been the epicenter of debate among scholars and practitioners in the special education industry. This owes to the reality that authors like Berg (2004) and Cassady (2011) made publications on the topic in question. It is critical that the integration of physically and mentally disabled children into regular classes is a transforming global issue that must be subjected to various applications and interpretationsRead MoreStudents with IEPs1386 Words   |  6 Pagesyou, your parents, the exceptional educator, and now your general education teachers. It’s not easy being different wanting to do everything the other students are doing. Well, this is why mainstreaming and inclusion are important for these students. They want to be successful like everyone else. They want to fit in. They want to go to the general education classes with everyone else. Leading up to this is why Individual Education Pl ans are important for these students to have a chance at normalityRead MoreEssay on Multicultural Education1681 Words   |  7 PagesMulticultural Education History/Past Challenges: One of the major goals of the American school system is to provide all children with equal educational opportunity. However, with regard to minority students, meeting this particular objective has presented a real challenge to educators as they have been confronted with the task of reshaping education in the multilingual, multicultural society that characterizes the United States. Many significant events contributed to the need of school

Woza Moya Organization is an NGO - 616 Words

THE NGO THAT I HAVE CHOSEN IS THE WOZA MOYA ORGANISATION 1. DISCUSS THE REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE ORGANISATION Woza Moya was initiated by Sue Hedden who in 1998/9 was called to assist when the running of the kitchen at the Buddhist retreat centre which was assisting the Buddhist and Zulu speaking and so the workers would go to her for advice in helping them with problems they faced in their work place. They mentioned their desire to learn to speak English. Sue had been trained in adult literacy and decided to take this to another level. The classes soon became the highlight of the week. She soon became aware of other issues such as HIV Aids. Sue had a school friend contact who was also an executive director of the Aids foundation of South Africa, her response was immediate and laid out some guidelines to follow and she contacted the stakeholders in the Ufafa community such as: counsellors, traditional healers and parents to find out what issues people were facing and how to respond. They began meeting with the various communities. Kitti Soro and Thani Saro Weinberg who were resident teacher s said they would raise funds to initiate the project. They also used friends in the USA and the fundraising events began. Five years later the Woza Moya community centre was birthed in 2005. The centre was relocated to the community of Ufafa. The name Woza Moya came into being from her personal experience, which was when her fiancà © Dave Everett took his own life, he was a

Conforming to Cultural Stereotypes Essay example - 1771 Words

Stereotypes have most likely been around since the dawn of time and will continue to be around for as long as people continue to make assumptions about other people based on their race, gender, religious views, or social class. Everyone has been pressured since infancy to convert to the stereotypes within their society. Perhaps this is not a negative reaction, seeing as majority of people convert to stereotypes and social norms without even a fighting word. Most children will believe their parents or guardians when told certain activities are bad or not for their gender, and will continue to follow these set rules to be a â€Å"good kid† and gain the approval of their guardians, which lead to the desire for them to gain the approval of society.†¦show more content†¦An example of this is the concept that women are more likely to associate feminine traits with themselves rather than the masculine traits which can be seen as negative (Lun 119). Though this is also an exa mple of social norm sand gender roles which are introduced at infancy and continue throughout life. Social norms are the concept that society sees as being the customary expectations anticipated of people in their culture. They range from the everyday activities of smiling at strangers to the expectancy of how children will conduct themselves based upon their sex. This expectancy is known as gender roles. Gender roles can be seen by the image provided by Miss Representation (1). Miss Representation depicts two concepts, the first picture is of Barbie commonly known for being one of the most popular toys for little girls, and the second picture is of G.I. Joe which is also known for being one of the most popular toys but for little boys. From the very beginning of children’s lives they are forced into a set gender, usually by their parents or other guardians. This is seen when babies wear pink for girls and blue for boys, boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls, etc. T his type of conforming can be detrimental to a child’s development because they are being forced to imitate actions and beliefs that they may not naturallyShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Ruth Gomberg Munoz s Labor And Legality : An Ethnography Of A Mexican Immigrant Network1444 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"illegal aliens† in the United States, discusses the a few common stereotypes Americans have of undocumented Mexican workers. I want to start of discussing the Lions and their significant cultural ideals. The main focuses are how different cultural values and/or ideals help people manage their lives. The Lions all work as busboys at a restaurant called â€Å"Il Vino† which is a Chicago-area restaurant and all have created and followed cultural values so that they can fit in and succeed in the United StatesRead MoreGender Socialization And Social Control1508 Words   |  7 Pagesidentity, stereotypes about gender affect the individual’s perception of his or her self. Two elements of the self from Charles Horton Cooley look at the self as emerging through interaction in groups and the self as basis for social control. Through interactions with others, in this case peers, children begin to develop their self-concept and the perceptions that others have on them create the normative expectations . When an individual becomes aware that his or her behaviors are not conforming to theRead MoreFemale Stereotypes Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesnonconformity. Women like Frida Kahlo have fought for their independence and contrasting the modern-day women to the women in 1900s, we can see that their roles have changed and in return they received their independence. After centuries of conforming to female stereotypes, women are gradually taking control of their own image of equality to the men and being able to face the reality of life on their own, without mens support. All throughout history men have been the forefront of evolutionRead MoreHow Heteronormative Gender Roles Are Reinforced Through Socialisation Of Popular Media? Essay1460 Words   |  6 Pagesreflecting stereotypical gender roles and cultural meanings in society. The cartoon, created by Hillenburg, conveys subliminal messages of binaries, gender roles and hierarchy. Through the characters, this essay will observe how heteronormative gender roles are reinforced through socialisation of popular media. However, closer examination also reveals a refreshingly positive and progressive attitude towards gender roles. On the one hand, characters are portrayed conforming to gender role expectations of behavioursRead MoreHawaiian Stereotypes1259 Words   |  6 Pagescertain broad stereotypes about the culture persist in the non-Hawaiian population. My paper will explore where race, prejudice and cultural stereotypes come from and how both Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian cultures reinforce these stereotypes. According to Dictionary.com a stereotype is something conforming to a fixed or general pattern, especially an often oversimplified or biased mental picture held to characterize the typical individual of a group (dictionary.com). The term â€Å"stereotype† originallyRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women908 Words   |  4 Pagesdifference between the two. In West and Zimmerman’s article, â€Å"Doing Gender,† they make this distinction. Sex is defined as â€Å"biology: anatomy, hormones, and physiology,† and gender is â€Å"an achieved status: that which is constructed through psychological, cultural, and social means† (West and Zimmerman; 125). Michael Kimmel, the author of The Gendered Society and a sociologist at Stony Brook University in New York, further defines gender as â€Å"[referring] to the meanings that are attached to [the differencesRead MoreEssay about Gender Identity1074 Words   |  5 Pagesidentity. Socialization makes children aware that there are differences between male and female, and that these sex differences matter. These social pressures also suggest there are specific gender stereotypes that they are expected to conform to. Nevertheles s, it can also be seen that biological and cultural changes interact with these social factors, thus defining how an individual eventually develops the gender identity of a man or a woman. An alternative theory, expressed by Kohlburg (1966), suggestsRead MoreStereotype Threat Was First Defined By Steele And Arson As The Social Psychological Threat1641 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review Stereotype threat was first defined by Steele and Arson as the â€Å"social-psychological threat that occurs when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one’s group applies. This predicament threatens one with being negatively stereotyped, with being judged or threatened stereotypically, or with the prospect of conforming to the stereotype† (Steele, 1997, p.614). The biggest stereotype when we talk about STEM fields is â€Å"Why so Few [women]?† ThenRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of Indigenous Australians And Torres Strait Islanders Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesThe injustice of stereotypes begins with depictions of diverse groups as uniform. For Indigenous Australian stereotypes, there are prevailing negative views of laziness, welfare abuse, substance abuse, and criminality (Perkins, 2014). Initial negative stereotypes of Indigenous Australians were based on social-Darwinist theories (Harrison Sellwood, 2016). However, conte mporary stereotypes might be attributed to ignorance of Australia’s past paternalistic colonialism on contemporary Aboriginal andRead MoreSexism in Advertising Essay791 Words   |  4 Pagesobjects. For example, in this ad the male figure is taller and his face doesn’t have as much lighting as the female figure. Appearing in 1961, a time remembered by family values and consumerism, this ad for a Kenwood Chef food processor uses the stereotype of women being at the disposal of men. The audience is singled out through the text in the ad itself, which reads â€Å"I’m giving my wife a Kenwood Chef.† As men working was the main source of income for the average family in the 60s, the obvious purpose

Death Penalty or Life in Prison - 1170 Words

Death Penalty or Life in Prison Sierra Brattain Southwestern Michigan College Death Penalty or Life in Prison Death Penalty I began my research by looking into the death penalty or also known as capital punishment. The death penalty is the action of executing a person who has committed an illegal act equivalent to death. Crimes punishable by death vary depending on the state; some include murder, sexual assault, treason, and other serious capital crimes (â€Å"Crimes Punishable†, 2011). There are many different outlooks on the death penalty; some in favor of the death penalty believe it is the ultimate balance between good and evil and they often use the phrase, â€Å"an eye, for an eye.† By using death as punishment they can assure society†¦show more content†¦Life in Prison I continue my research on the effects of life in prison opposed to the death penalty. Life imprisonment is any sentence for serious crimes that insures the offender spends life equivalency in prison or at least until parole. In a lot of cases when an offender is sentenced to life in prison they don’t get the advantage of parole. No one ever sentenced to life without parole has ever been released, they spend the rest of their lives in prison and they usually die of natural causes (Wilbur, 2012). The advantages of life imprisonment are few but worth looking over, for example it saves an abundant amount of money. It costs tax payers $90,000 more per prisoner each year for inmates on death row then they pay for the general prison population. Also it saves many innocent lives of those who were wrongly accused. â€Å"More than 200 innocent men and women have been freed from prison in California after it was discovered that they were wrongfully convicted; three of them were sentence d to die for crimes they did not commit† (â€Å"The Truth,† n.d.). The disadvantages of spending life in prison are serious and dangerous. Prisons all over the country are becoming very overpopulated, causing less aid for each inmate. Inmates sentenced to death in prison receive less access to programs and no special treatment unlike other prisoners (â€Å"The Truth,† n.d.). Prison aren’t pleasant, someone convictedShow MoreRelatedDeath Penalty and Life in Prison1623 Words   |  7 Pagesasking can someone hide himself secret in secret from him a person cannot , because God presence is everywhere. ------------------------------------------------- Acts 17:24-28: It tells how God is the creator of all living things he gave all things life also breath. We are Gods offspring. ------------------------------------------------- 2 Timothy 2:13: God formed Adam and Eve ------------------------------------------------- Hebrews 6:18: Tells how God has suffered being tempted that he is ableRead MoreIs life in prison without parole better than the death penalty?812 Words   |  4 Pages Amrat Tahir Is life in prison without parole better than the death penalty? This is it, this is the last time you will ever see daylight again. The dim light of the outside world seems to be overtaken by shadows. You squeeze your eyes shut, and then everything goes dark.  That is the death penalty. What exactly is the death penalty? In the dictionary, it is defined as, the sentence of death upon a person by the state as a punishment for an offense. What the death penalty itself serves is retributionRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty789 Words   |  4 Pages Death Penalty The death penalty has been a debated topic for decades. Many people believe that it serves justice to the person being executed, while others think that it does no good for either party. However, I believe the three most outstanding topics surround the death penalty are the cost of death vs. life in prison, attorney quality, and irrevocable mistakes. The first topic surrounding the death penalty is the cost of death vs. life in prison. This is a big issueRead MoreWhat is the Death Penalty1655 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the death penalty? The answer is very simple; it is a punishment that someone receives if they do something really bad, such as murder, rape, etc. This answer, however, is leaning towards the side that the death penalty should still exist. How can this definition be paraphrased to fit the death penalty more accurately? An accurate definition would be: the government killing people that killed other people to stop people from killing other people. The question now is, is that logical? Is itRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1226 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically, the death penalty was created to punish a crime, to prevent it from repeating, and to deter further crimes. The United States’ use of the death penalty can be traced back as early as 1608, when early European settlers executed Captai n George Kendall for being a spy from Spain (â€Å"Part I: History of the Death Penalty†, n.d.). As time progressed the amount of money to sustain such a punishment slowly became a burden to States. As 32 States currently have the death penalty, taxpayers and politiciansRead MoreWhy the Death Penalty is Ineffective1552 Words   |  6 PagesWhy the Death Penalty is Ineffective The society constantly tries to reason with an effective way to respond to violence. Differences in opinion on the use of death as punishment arise from differences in religious, ethical, cultural, and morale perspectives. The role of death as a punishment for an offence has not been solved today, and remains a dilemma for the citizenrys political, legal, social, and religious thought. This is because an answer to the question is the death penalty effectiveRead MoreThe Death Penalty and Punishment for Crimes795 Words   |  3 Pagesagain, it helps. Execution and the death penalty have been used in most societies since the beginning of history. Penalties back then included boiling to death, flaying, slow slicing, crucification, impalement, crushing, stoning, decapitation, etc. The death penalty was used for reasons today that would go under cruel and unusual punishment. Today in the United States, execution is used mainly for murder, espionage, and treason. In some states in the US , death by firing squad is still used. (â€Å"CriminalRead MoreBanning the Death Penalty1620 Words   |  6 PagesShould the death penalty be banned internationally as a type of punishment? This form of punishment has been quite a controversial issue worldwide for quite a few years. The death penalty for hundreds of thousands of years has been a punishment for criminals throughout the world; in the past ranging from what we would now consider small crimes to huge ones, to the present where most if not all those punished with death penalty are for fairly large crimes. Actual laws involving death penalty is knownRead MoreDo People Who Commit Heinous Crimes Deserve The Death Penalty?1438 Words   |  6 Pagesdeserve the death penalty? Many people condemn capital punishment and many countries have banned this punishment, while some countries still practice the death penalty on violent offenders. The death penalty withholds many emotional, religious, and moral factors. Depending on your religion or moral views on the death penalty, you may or may not agree with it. â€Å"The Bible requires the death penalty for a wide variety of crimes. It even calls for some criminals to be tortured to death by being burnedRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is More Expensive Than Life Without Parole917 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty has been a controversial topic for a long time, and rightfully deserves to be when a man’s life is in the government’s hand. Although life sentences are the popular alternative, the death penalty is the best solution to heinous crimes because it saves the government money, teaches citizens that they are responsible for their own actions and actually saves lives. Capital punishment has b een around since the 18th century B.C., when the code of King Hammurabi of Babylon established

People Management Decision Making Approaches

Question: Discuss about thePeople Management for Decision Making Approaches. Answer: Discussion: The understanding gained from the detailed analysis of the case study and the theories used to evaluate the concepts behind the decision making approaches by the management and HR of the organization, it can be said that there occurred managerial as well as ethical dilemma in the organization. It can be said that every organization has cross functional groups and the groups are based on a number of employees who have different abilities and performance capabilities. . The decision taken by the management created an obstacle among the employees. As a result of which there has been lack of support and trust that has ultimately lead to reluctance and a behavioral approach where the employees were not much concerned about their contribution towards the organization. The management might have undertaken other decisions where each and every employee would have got equal opportunity of performance and it is only on the basis of their performance, a decision of new leaders could be taken. On the other hand, the importance of communication in an organization cannot be neglected. It falls under the responsibility of the management to communicate each step of action in the organization and any major decision shall be taken only with the consent of the employees who are the backbones and the pillars of an organization. In addition to these, motivating the employees is very important part of operation of a business. When employees are motivated, they are expected to give better result in terms of their work and performance.

Veterinary Surgical Practices Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Veterinary Surgical Practices. Answer: Appropriate and inappropriate practices The five best practices that are shown in the video included: Use of hand and feet gloves. Surgeons and surgical assistants are required to wear sterile surgical gloves in order to carry out operations in an aseptic manner. Gloves are used only once and then they are disposed off. These help to prevent surgical site infections and contaminations. Both hand and feet gloves prevent contamination of the surgical site as well as the operating room. Shoes can be a very good source of contamination and as a result, feet covers are needed to prevent contamination of operation theater air and prevent surgical site infection. These also protects the surgeon from getting infections from the surgery (Eyarefe, 2016). Head and face masks. The human body consists of normal body flora, which can cause infection of surgical wounds and thus, face masks are highly essential. Head masks or covers help to control the infection spread through aerosols of hair microbes that are normally present in the human body. Such microbial aerosols can cause contamination of the surgical sites, if proper head covers are not used. Sterile surgical instruments in sterile packets. Surgical instruments are highly vital in surgical techniques and their improper sterilization or usage can give rise to surgical site infections. Pre-sterilized surgical instruments that are available in sterile packets are the best ways to reduce contamination and surgical site infections obtained from surgical instruments (Coisman, Case, Clark, Wellehan, Ellison, 2013). Sanitization of the surgical table. It is necessary to carry out disinfection of the surgical table and the area prior to surgery to prevent surgical site infections and contaminations. It also helps to prevent the spread of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Common disinfectants include phenols, aldehydes like formaldehyde, alcohols like isopropyl alcohol. Anti-microbial detergents or soaps can also be used (Addie et al., 2015). Autoclaving of the surgical instruments after surgery. Surgical instruments are usually sterilized by moist heat using autoclaving techniques. It is necessary to sterilize surgical instruments after surgery to prevent spread of wound infections from one surgery to another. The recommended autoclaving temperature is 250F for 13-15 minutes and an additional 2-5 minutes for extra safety precautions. Autoclaving helps top kill the microorganisms that are present in the surgical instruments after the surgical procedure (Dancer, Stewart, Coulombe, Gregori Virdi, 2012). The ten inappropriate practices that are shown in the video included: The VOA surgical assistant nor the surgeon was shown to wash hands prior to wearing gloves. Gloves do not completely reduce the chances of contamination and therefore it is necessary to wash and disinfect the hands prior to wearing surgical gloves. Gloves can tear during surgeries and as a result, clean hands can prevent bacterial transmission from the surgeon to the patient. The VOA surgical assistant placed the gloves, which would be used to cover her hands and feet on the table, which was not disinfected. This can cause infections in surgical sites and can result in the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. During the surgery, the VOA surgical assistant did not wear gloves in her hands. She used her uncovered hands to open the surgical wrap and touch other surgical instruments, which can cause spread of infection giving rise to surgical site contaminations. The VOA surgical assistant did not cover her hair completely with the head cover and some of her hair was exposed, which can give rise to infections. There was no evidence of preparation of the animal for surgery. There was no evidence of hair clipping. The clipped skin was not shown to be treated with disinfectants to prevent bacterial contaminations. It is necessary to disinfect with the use of chlorhexidine or iodine (Davids, Davidson, TenBroeck, Colahan, Oli, 2015). The surgical wrap, which was used was not shown to sterilized or not prior to surgery. The VOA surgical assistant held the surgical wrap in her bare hands, which can cause transmission of infection. The VOA surgical assistant took the body temperature during recovery but did not monitor heart and pulse rate. Respiratory rate was also not monitored (Research.utexas.edu, 2017). The animal was not provided with a warm environment like blankets and a heat source to prevent occurrence of post-surgical hypothermia. The surgical instruments were not cleaned properly prior to autoclaving. The autoclaving was not done properly. It was carried out at 184F, when the temperature should be 250 Best practices The practices, which the VOA surgical assistant did not carry out include washing her hands with suitable disinfectants. It is necessary to wash hands prior to wearing gloves as it will prevent the transfer of infection from her hands to the surgical wraps and also to the surgical instruments. It is necessary to disinfect hands and wear gloves prior to handling surgical wraps, surgical instruments and the patient. Gloves can tear sometimes and the presence of disinfected hands can prevent bacterial contamination to some extent. Wearing gloves also prevent contamination of surgical sites with body fluids. The surgical assistant did not wear a surgical gown and as a result her clothing was in contact with the sterile drape of the patient and with the surgical wraps. The animal needs to be prepared prior to surgery. This includes clipping of hair and fur from the surgical area at least 1-2 inches from the incision site. The clipped skin needs to be treated with disinfectants to prevent bacterial contamination. Three applications of surgical scrub products should be used to prevent bacterial contamination. These products contain povidone iodine or chlorhexidine. The disinfection starts from the incision site and radiates towards the clipped area margins in a circular motion. Each of these applications can be associated with cleansing with alcohol. A final washing of the area with disinfectants and not soaps can be used to complete the sterilization process (Hillier et al., 2014). It is necessary to determine whether the anesthetic tubing is connected properly and secured. It is also necessary to determine whether the patient is stable in the dorsal recumbent position and whether the head is comfortably resting on the surgical table. Reflective Summary Surgical site infections are nosocomial infections, which are surgery associated and is responsible for 0.8-18% of nosocomial infection occurrence in animal surgeries (Turk, Singh, Weese, 2015). Proper practices are necessary to prevent infections of surgical sites. This assignment has helped me to understand the best practices that are to be carried out prior, during and after surgeries. It also helped me to understand the practices, which needs to be avoided before and after surgeries. The best practices were found to be proper disinfection of hands, wearing sterile gloves, face masks, head covers and surgical gowns. It is also necessary to properly disinfect the surgical environment and the surgical site (in case of the patient). Such practices will help to prevent contamination and spread of bacterial infections. It is also necessary to properly sterilize the surgical instruments before and after surgery by the process of autoclaving. Proper autoclaving temperatures and time is to be maintained to ensure proper disintegration of the pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, learning all these techniques will positively impact my role as a VOA. References Addie, D. D., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Gruffydd-Jones, T., Hartmann, K., Marsilio, F. (2015). Disinfectant choices in veterinary practices, shelters and households: ABCD guidelines on safe and effective disinfection for feline environments.Journal of feline medicine and surgery,Vol: 17(7), pp: 594-605, doi: 10.1177/1098612X15588450. Coisman, J. G., Case, J. B., Clark, N. D., Wellehan, J. F., Ellison, G. W. (2013). Efficacy of decontamination and sterilization of a single-use single-incision laparoscopic surgery port.American journal of veterinary research,Vol: 74(6), pp: 934-938, doi: https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.74.6.934. Dancer, S. J., Stewart, M., Coulombe, C., Gregori, A., Virdi, M. (2012). Surgical site infections linked to contaminated surgical instruments.Journal of Hospital Infection,Vol: 81(4), pp: 231-238, doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.04.023. Davids, B. I., Davidson, M. J., TenBroeck, S. H., Colahan, P. T., Oli, M. W. (2015). Efficacy of Mechanical versus Non?Mechanical Sterile Preoperative Skin Preparation With Chlorhexidine Gluconate 4% Solution.Veterinary Surgery,Vol: 44(5), pp: 648-652, doi: 10.1111/vsu.12335. Eyarefe, O. D. (2016). Risk factors, prevention and control strategies for surgical site infections in veterinary practice in Nigeria-A review.Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health,Vol: 8(8), pp: 72-82, doi: 10.5897/JVMAH2015.0434. Hillier, A., Lloyd, D. H., Weese, J. S., Blondeau, J. M., Boothe, D., Breitschwerdt, E., Sykes, J. E. (2014). Guidelines for the diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis (Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases).Veterinary dermatology,Vol: 25(3), pp: 163, doi: 10.1111/vde.12118. Research.utexas.edu. (2017).Cite a Website - Cite This For Me.Research.utexas.edu. Retrieved 10 November 2017, from https://research.utexas.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2015/12/guideline06.pdf Turk, R., Singh, A., Weese, J. S. (2015). Prospective surgical site infection surveillance in dogs.Veterinary Surgery, Vol: 44(1), pp: 2-8, doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12267.x.